اكتشافات جديدة حول عائلة الفرعون الذهبي توت عنخ آمون (1355-1346ق.م ) وأسباب وفاة هذا الملك .

صرح د. زاهي حواس أمين عام المجلس الأعلى للآثار بأن الفريق العلمي المصري الذي يرأسه يتكون من علماء في مجال الحمض النووي " DNA" من المركز القومي للبحوث وكلية الطب جامعة القاهرة وكذلك علماء متخصصين في الأشعة من كلية الطب بجامعة القاهرة قاموا بإجراء أبحاث علمية على مومياء الملك توت عنخ آمون لمعرفة أسرار عائلته، وأضاف أن أثنين من العلماء المتخصصين في تحليل الحمض النووي من ألمانيا قاما بمراجعة نتائج هذه الأبحاث للتأكد منها .
وقد قام د. حواس بتحرير مقال علمي عن الاكتشافات مع العلماء والأثريين وتم إرسالها إلي مجلة علمية متخصصة تعرف باسم " جاما" JAMA " .
وقد وافقت المجلة على النتائج العلمية التي توصل إليها الفريق العلمي المصري وسوف تنشر غداً في نفس موعد المؤتمر الصحفي العالمي .

ومن المعروف أن لدى المجلس الأعلى للآثار الآن معملين لإجراء فحوصات الحمض النووي وهما
المعملان الوحيدان المتخصصان في هذا المجال وأحدهما يوجد بالمتحف المصري بالقاهرة والآخر بكلية الطب جامعة القاهرة .
ويذكر أنه في إطار المشروع المصري لدراسة المومياوات فقد قام المجلس الأعلى للآثار بدراسة مومياء الملك توت عنخ آمون وأسفرت الدراسة عن أن الملك الشاب توفى وعمره تسعة عشر عاماً وان الفتحة الموجودة بمؤخرة رأسه ليست نتيجة إصابته بضربة بلطة حديدية بل إنها كانت فتحة تم فتحها أثناء عملية تحنيط المومياء لإدخال مواد التحنيط لداخل الرأس . ويقول د. حواس إن الملك قد أصيب في ساقه اليسرى نتيجة حادث وقع له قبل ساعات من موته ولكن هذا الحادث لم يكن السبب في وفاته كما قام المجلس باكتشاف مومياء الملكة حتشبسوت ( 1502-1482 ق.م ) بعد تحليل الحمض النووي لمومياوين لسيدتين عثر عليهما داخل خبيئة المومياوات التي كشفها عائلة عبد الرسول عام 1881 ، ومومياء ثالثة موجودة بالمتحف المصري والتي نقلت من المقبرة رقم 60 "60 " .

DNA and CT scan analysis of the mummy of the 18th Dynasty pharaoh Tutankhamun
(ca. 1333-1323 BC) and of mummies either known or believed to be members of his
immediate family have revealed startling new evidence for the young king’s lineage
and cause of death.

An additional outcome of the new study, in which DNA analysis
was able to be used effectively on ancient Egyptian mummies for the first time, is that several previously unidentified mummies can now be given names.

These studies were carried out by Egyptian scientists and international consultants a as part of the Family of Tutankhamun Project, under the leadership of Dr. Zahi Hawass.

These findings have been published by JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association, in their February 17, 2010, edition (Volume 303, no. 7).

The principal conclusions made by the team are that Tutankhamun’s father was the
“heretic” king, Akhenaten, whose body is now almost certainly identified with the
mummy from KV 55 in the Valley of the Kings.

His mother, who still cannot be identified by name, is the “Younger Lady” buried in the tomb of Amenhotep II (KV 35).

The mummy of the “Elder Lady” from the same tomb can now be conclusively identified as Tutankhamun’s grandmother, Queen Tiye. New light was shed on the cause of death for Tutankhamun with the discovery of DNA from the parasite that causes malaria; it is likely that the young king died from complications resulting from a severe form of this disease.

Family of Tutankhamun Page 2 The primary analysis was carried out in a newly-built DNA laboratory at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo dedicated to ancient DNA; this was donated to the project by Discovery.

Two types of DNA analysis were performed on samples taken from the bones of these mummies: analysis of specific nuclear DNA sequences from the Ychromosome,
which is passed directly from father to son, to study the paternal line;
and genetic fingerprinting from the autosomal DNA of the nuclear genome that does
not directly decide a person’s sex.

To authenticate the DNA results, the analyses were repeated and independently replicated in a newly equipped ancient DNA laboratory staffed by a separate group of personnel. The CT scans were carried out with a movable multi-slice CT unit C130 KV, 124-130 ms, 014-3 mm slice thickness, Siemens Somatom Emotion 6 donated to the project by Siemens and the National Geographic Society.

Both the Y-chromosome analysis and the genetic fingerprinting were performed
successfully, and have allowed the creation of a five-generation kindred for the young king.

The analysis proves conclusively that Tutankhamun’s father was the mummy
found in KV 55. The project’s CT scan of this mummy provides an age at death of
between 45 and 55 for this mummy, showing that this mummy (previously thought to
have died between the ages of 20 and 25) is almost certainly Akhenaten himself, as the Egyptological evidence from the tomb has long suggested.

In support of this lineage,the DNA also traces a direct line from Tutankhamun through the KV 55 mummy to Akhenaten’s father Amenhotep III. DNA shows that the mother of the KV 55 mummy is the “Elder Lady” from KV 35. This mummy is the daughter of Yuya and Tjuya, and thus definitively identified as Amenhotep III’s great queen Tiye.

Another important result from the DNA analysis is that the “Younger Lady” from KV 35
has been positively identified as Tutankhamun’s mother.

The project is not yet able to identify her by name, although the DNA studies also show that she was the daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye and thus Akhenaten’s full sister. Thus Tutankhamun’s only grandparents, on both his paternal and maternal sides, were Amenhotep III and Tiye.

Two stillborn fetuses were found mummified and hidden away in a chamber of
Tutankhamun’s tomb. Preliminary DNA analysis supports the Egyptological belief that
these were children of the young king’s.

This analysis has also suggested a mummy known as KV21A, a royal female whose identity was previously completely unknown,as the most likely mother of these children and thus as Tutankhamun’s wife,Ankhsenamun.

Family of Tutankhamun Page 3 The project studied the CT scans of the family carefully to look for inherited disorders,such as Marfan syndrome and gynecomastia/craniosynostoses syndromes, that have been previously postulated based on representations in Egyptian art. No evidence was found for any of these diseases, thus the artistic conventions followed by the Amarna period royal family were most likely chosen for religious and political reasons.

Another important result of the DNA studies was the discovery of material from
Plasmodium falciparum, the protozoon that causes malaria, in the body of Tutankhamun.

The CT scan also revealed that the king had a lame foot, caused by
avascular bone necrosis. The project believes that Tutankhamun’s death was most likely a result of the malaria coupled with his generally weak constitution.

The CT scan of the pharaoh earlier confirmed the presence of an unhealed break in the king’s left thigh bone; the team speculates that the king’s weakened state may have led to a fall, or that a fall weakened his already fragile physical condition.

Family of Tutankhamun Page 4 The Family of Tutankhamun Project Personnel

PROJECT DIRECTOR Dr. Zahi Hawass,
Secretary General, Supreme Council of Antiquities, Cairo, Egypt

Ancient DNA (aDNA) Lab 1: Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Yehia Z Gad, National Research Center, Cairo,Egypt
Somaia Ismail, National Research Center, Cairo,Egypt
Dina Fathalla, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
Amal Ahmed, National Research Center, Cairo,Egypt
Rabab Khairat, National Research Center, Cairo,Egypt; Institute of Human Genetics,

Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Tübingen
Naglaa Hasan, National Research Center, Cairo,Egypt

Ancient DNA (aDNA) Lab 2: Kasr el-Aini
Sally Wasef, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Learning Resource
Center, El Manial, Cairo, Egypt.
Mohamed Fateen, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Learning

Resource Center, El Manial, Cairo, Egypt.
Fawzi Gaballah, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Learning Resource
Center, El Manial, Cairo, Egypt

German consultants:
Carsten Pusch, Institute of Human Genetics, Division of Molecular Genetics,

University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Albert Zink, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, Bolzano, Italy

Radiology team:
Ashraf Selim, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Hany Amer, National Research Center, Cairo,Egypt
Sahar Seleem, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University

Project Administrator
Hisham Elleithy, Dr. Zahi Hawass, Secretary General, Cairo, Egypt

イサーム　ガラール